Researchers Tackle Bean Rust

WASHINGTON - Feb 27/09 - SNS -- USDA researchers believe the detection of 3,000 proteins produced in plants of common beans could help breeders develop resistance against the bean rust fungus, Uromyces appendiculatus, a major concern for domestic dry bean and snap bean growers.

Plant pathologist Bret Cooper, at the ARS Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory (SGIL) in Beltsville, Md., leads the research, which could help scientists determine which proteins produced in bean plants are involved in providing resistance to rust fungus.

The symptoms of this rust initially appear as small white flecks on the upper leaf surface, then develop into reddish-brown pustules (small eruptions on the leaf surface). When severe infections occur, the leaves curl upward, dry, turn brown, and drop prematurely, and pod set, pod fill and seed size are reduced.

To make matters worse, in 2004, a separate rust fungus that causes Asian soybean rust -- which infects soybeans, but not common beans—arrived in the United States. Domestic soybean cultivars have little resistance to soybean rust, and now America's second largest crop is severely threatened by this new disease. It is hoped that the discovery of the dry bean rust disease resistance proteins will help identify similar proteins in soybeans and advance soybean breeding efforts as well.

Until recently, disease resistance genes and the proteins they produce were studied one at a time, but Cooper and his team used a process called high-throughput mass spectrometry to identify, at a much faster rate, proteins by their unique molecular mass. With this technology, they evaluated more than 3,000 rust resistance proteins in bean over the course of two-and-a-half years, and measured how protein levels change in plants, and which ones provide disease resistance.

This study revealed more than 1,500 "molecular battles+ -- interactions between the fungus and the plant—and led to the identification of a potential set of proteins thought to be master regulators of a strong resistance response in the plant. This new information may help breeders improve bean varieties that are currently threatened by rust.